Aspirations And Greatness F. Scott Fitzgerald s The...

Aspirations and Greatness; The Case of Jay Gatsby Dedication and tenacity are examples of attributes that allow one to accomplish a societal label for effort shown towards attaining goals and dreams. Through his work The Great Gatsby, F.Scott Fitzgerald used the protagonist, Jay Gatsby, to demonstrate the American Dream and greatness. Gatsby was a mysterious character, commonly mistaken as a mere criminal; but actually, he was a victim of his perseverance and the American Dream. Despite his criminal activities, the book portrayed Gatsby as much more than a thug, an individual stopping at nothing to obtain his dream. While Jay Gatsby never fully achieved the American Dream, his marked determination, hope, and love for Daisy earned him the appropriate title, The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby shows the reader that an individual can start at the bottom with only a dream and come out on top with success. Jay Gatsby was not always wealthy and successful. In fact, he was born poor to â€Å"shiftless and unsuccessful farm people† (Fitzgerald, 98). His given name was â€Å"James Gatz†. Longing to be free from his impoverished lifestyle, Gatz ran away from the Midwest family farm to pursue dreams of becoming wealthy. Luck came when Gatz was working on a beach and saw an anchored yacht caught in a storm about to collide with rocks close to shore. Gatz seized this opportunity to create Jay Gatsby, â€Å"When he saw Dan Cody’s yacht drop anchor over the most insidious flat on Lake Superior†¦heShow MoreRelated F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsbys love. Daisy, however, is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy, arrogant womanizer who despises Gatsby. Gatsby feels theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1673 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of The Great Gatsby Dreams are a compelling force in people’s lives. They are what propel them forward each and every day in an effort to reach something better. The American Dream has been sought after by millions all over the world for hundreds of years. This country was founded on the belief that anyone could achieve their dreams. However, in the 1920s these hopes and aspirations began to splinter until they ultimately shattered. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolismRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2029 Words   |  9 Pagesbecome a dangerous pressure. In The Great Gatsby, the theme of romantic pressure is introduced with Gatsby s fixation of Daisy. The influence of wealth and social status cause distress in relationships. Elements of Fitzgerald s personal life are represented through the characters of Nick and Gatsby. Through these two figures, the audience is shown two sides of Fitzgerald, the outsider and the dreamer. Through characteristics of N ick, we are reminded of Fitzgerald s constant fascination with the wealthyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation2099 Words   |  9 PagesBJTU’s Course Thesis for History and Anthology of American Literature The Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation | Institute: | School of Languages | | | Major: | English | | | Student: | Chen Haoxiang | | | Reg. No. | 10321004 | | | Tutor: | Dr. Zhang Junxue | | June 08, 2012 The Great Gatsby and the Lost Generation By Chen Haoxiang Abstract: The Great Gatsby is regarded as the most widely taught and widely read American literary classic. A classic is a work thatRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1894 Words   |  8 Pageslife. In the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald, this statement could not be truer. In fact, much of Fitzgerald’s most famous work feature plots that closely parallel events from his life (Lathbury 10). For example, his novel This Side of Paradise includes a young man who is rejected by the love of his life on the grounds of his social status. Zelda similarly rejected Fitzgerald for his social status at first. In comparison, it is not surprising that Fitzgerald’s story The Great Gatsby takes place in theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1683 Words   |  7 PagesEvery parents wants their child to amount to greatness and be the best their child can be. Parents tend to push their children and give them the mindset that through hard work and dedication that child can achie ve anything. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald demonstrates parents lied about hard work and, so he ridicules the high class and lower classes, thus critiquing the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea to give people hope that through hard work one can achieveRead MoreThe Death of Wealth for the American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 1934 Words   |  8 Pagesacross four or five times in life....It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself. (pg. 53) The Death of Wealth for the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald is an author of the popular novel called the Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul Minnesota, 1898. Fitzgerald’s family moved around a lot and finally settled in St. Paul in 1908. There he went to school and published his first book at 11 years old in 1909. In 1914,Read MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. The powerful motivation generated from a vigorous thirst enables one to become a proactive individual, or alternatively drags a person into a sedentary state. The varied consequences of overly desirous people are caused by life s ambiguity. The character of Macbeth, from Shakespeare s classic tragedy, is driven by his impulsive determination to act on his most lustful desires. Likewise in The Great GatsbyRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald2062 Words   |  9 Pagesdistruction. Both F. Scott Fitzgerald through The Great Gatsby and Arthur Miller through Death of a Salesman use these misshapen dreams and visions of the future to describe their characters, build toward their downfalls or dramatic turning points, and to create a theme of the crushing power of broken dreams. Willy Loman’s dream is the promise that one can make their mark on the world and be successful simply by being well liked. But willy is a man who has failed to live up to his aspirations as a salesmanRead MoreThe American Dream And Its Effects On Society1356 Words   |  6 Pagesface of a declining economy. An economy which disallows parents the security to maintain a job in order to sustain a progressive household. Due to the lack of jobs within the economy as well as the rising costs of living. With people dreams and aspirations each individual daily are deferred. Instead of being able to strive and attain their dreams of wealth, business and abundance; they are left with having to choose between chasing their American dream and basic survival. These individuals are forced

Essay on The Oil Industry and Air Pollution - 1487 Words

Ever since 1908, when Henry Ford manufactured a car that was affordable to most families, the need for oil has been growing more and more every year as humans want more and more products that use oil or are made from it. People and their need for oil far exceeds the need to fill up their car. It stretches out to vast amount of products that people use every day. Including plastics bags when they go shopping, the shampoo they use to clean their hair, the toys their kids play with and the insulation used to keep their houses warm. However with all the positives of oil they’re a lot of negatives that are a result of using oil. One immediate negative oil causes is pollution, oil has two predominant types of pollution. But before we can talk†¦show more content†¦The second type is water pollution, which usually occurs when an accident happens where it is leaked into a water supply or the ocean, making the water toxic and contaminated, killing animals and making people sick . Although oil makes up such a large part of our daily lives, real thought and consideration needs to be taken about using less oil because the effects it has on people and the environment are very real and very serious. On April 20th 2010 a damage Macondo wellhead part of an oil rig named the Deepwater Horizon rig, owned by Transocean and operated by BP (British Petroleum). Exploded 42 miles of the coast of Louisiana, immediately killing 11 workers and leaking for 87 days before the wellhead was capped. Although it was already much too late, as over 4.9 million barrels had already leaked into the Gulf. â€Å"Once the oil left the well, it spread throughout the water column. Some floated to the ocean surface to form oil slicks, which can spread more quickly by being pushed by winds. Some floated in the midwater, rising from the wellhead like a chimney and forming a 22-mile long oil plume.† (Ocean Si). Immediately after the spill, people began to debate whether or not drilling for oil is really that necessary, debating what’s more important, the industry and all the economics of drilling for oil, or the harm that happens to people and the environment when a disaster happens. Oil is consideredShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1571 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is a very serious problem throughout the world. Exposure to air pollution is easy and it can affect your health. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere, causing diseases, death to humans, and damage to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, or the natural or built environment (Air Pollution, 2016, June 27). This definition proves that exposure to air pollution can harm the main thingsRead MoreCorrelations Between Population and Pollution993 Words   |  4 Pagesto eat. As these goods have to be produced a lot, industry develops. Factories have to develop. Development of factories leads to air pollution. Not only population growth affects the air pollution but also the drift of population does, too. As population grows, the movement of population increases. This leads to increase in goods movement resulting in air pollution. Like this, population growth affects air pollution. In order to solve air pollution, science is applied such as developing renewableRead MoreA Report On Qatar Fifa World Cup Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesQatar is known for being home to the third biggest oil reserve on the globe behind Russia and Iran. This country is also the world’s greatest producer of liquefied natural gas since they started to imbue their time in the industry during the late twentieth century (â€Å"Economic-Development-and-standard-of-living-in-Qatar,† n.d.). Despite being rich in liquefied natural gas, the reserves have caused conflict amongst the residents due to the decreasing air quality levels. Residents are begging for regulationsRead MoreProduction Cost Of Production Costs912 Words   |  4 PagesProduction costs. According to Wagner (2008) oil is grated by its viscosity (light to heavy) and by the amount of impurities it contains (sweet to sour). The heavy/sour crude is more available, but less preferred as it contains impurities and needs more processing to refine into gas. The cost of processing heavy/sour crude oil is high; this is why the price of sweet/light crude oil is much higher than heavy/sour crude oil. So, high production costs of gas make the supply elasticity lower. TransportationRead MoreEssay on Pollution in The Bahamas1640 Words   |  7 Pagesrights too, to live without pollution. What mankind must know is that human beings cannot live without Mother Earth, but the planet can live without humans† (Pollution Quotes, 2013). Hence, attention must be provided to this devastating issue. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse changes (Wieman, 2013). There are numerous types of pollution, such as light, air, land, water, noise, thermal and radioactive pollution. In an article, the authorRead MorePollution Pollution is the contamination of the environment which is a serious problem that1700 Words   |  7 Pages Pollution Pollution is the contamination of the environment which is a serious problem that causes instability, disorder, harm and discomfort to the ecosystem and those who live in it. There are many types of pollution such as water pollution, air pollution, sound pollution, soil pollution etc. Pollution happens every single day and it has now become the way of living. Among the many types of water pollutants such as chemical, microbiological, ground, and surface water pollutants; Oil spillsRead MoreThe Cost Of High Transportation Costs912 Words   |  4 Pagesroduction costs. According to Wagner (2008) oil is grated by its viscosity (light to heavy) and by the amount of impurities it contains (sweet to sour). The heavy/sour crude is more available, but less preferred as it contains impurities and needs more processing to refine into gas. The cost of processing heavy/sour crude oil is high; this is why the price of sweet/light crude oil is much higher than heavy/sour crude oil. So, high production costs of gas make the supply elasticity lower. TransportationRead MorePetroleum : The Dependence On Petroleum1545 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society would have stunned the 19th century producers of Pennsylvania â€Å"rock oil.† Since the advent of the modern petroleum industry, the demand and dependence upon petroleum and its products has steadily risen making it a highly valuable commodity in industrialized parts of the world. Petroleum and its byproducts are found in transportation fuels, fuel oils for heating and electricity generation, asphalt and road oil, and is part of the raw materials used to create chemicals, cosmetics, plasticsRead MoreHuman Dependence On The Tar Sands1580 Words   |  7 Pagessands will be monumental in the future with the end of conventional oil. The tar sands project in Alberta is currently one of the greatest industrial projects throughout human history. At this time, the oil sands in Alberta are the second largest producers of oil in the world. The oil sands in Alberta carry more than 170 billion barrels of oil, which is enough to sustain Canada s oil demand for more than 15 decades. However, oil sands development over the years has shown harmful effects on the healthRead MorePollution And Pollution Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesall organisms have relied and survived on what the planet provides but in the last century industries have peaked and its production was the highest during the last ten years These industries produce carbon monoxide causing many problems for the earths health like global warming and pollution. Although there is help for pollution reduction not enough is being done to preserve the earth’s natural resources-air,water, and soil. What is global warming? Global warming is; a gradual increase in the overall

Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character Free Essays

MORALS Morals are ethics, codes, values, principles and custom of a person or society. It is the study of human behavior about what is wrong or right, good or bad. Morals are the values which establish the standard of every individual towards the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps the person to develop sense of loyalty towards his responsibilities and duties. It is key to distinguish wrong person from right on the basis of behavior to others and society. They are the ideals of the person which are followed by them in their life. Some of examples of morals â€Å"are not to cheat others for illegal purpose†, â€Å"always respect elders† and â€Å"not be cruel to animals†. ETHICS: It is that branch of philosophy that is concerned with evaluation of human behavior. It is the quality or state of being of sound moral principle such as uprightness, honesty and sincerity. Ethics in general means behavior which indicates right or wrong behavior of person. It is bunch of moral values and fundamental principles which determines moral duties and obligation. Ethics is the study and judgment of good or bad, right or wrong etc. It determines such professional standards, commitment and fairness towards their profession or general public. It is the standard of conduct by which individual guides his own actions and judges that of others. Ethics is also used in determining public policy. For e. g. â€Å"Is getting an abortion immoral? †, â€Å"What are human rights, how do we determine them? † and â€Å"Do animals have rights as well? † INTEGRITY: Integrity refers to quality of person’s character. Integrity is a matter of persons integrating various parts of their personality into a harmonious, intact whole. Integrity helps the persons to draw line between his orders of preference. For example â€Å"An intelligent person spent his limited money on the most desired need and than on other need†. The person of sound mind, sincerity and trustworthiness can make such intelligent decisions. The person with integrity earns more respect in respect to others as they are more effective leaders. Therefore, the people who lead their life with integrity receive more success. REFERENCE Referred to sites:- 1. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:moralssa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of morals on the Web: 2. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:ethicssa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of ethics on the Web: 3. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:integritysa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of integrity on the Web: Dated 31st August 2007 How to cite Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character, Papers

Early Childhood Studies

Question: How does being a refugee child affect then in a foreign country ? Answer: The refugee camps serve as a means of shelter to the societies struck in poverty. The children are affected in numerous ways when they take shelter in the refugee camps. The main problems faced by the children are abuse and inequality. Most of the Syrian refugees move to the European zone, particularly the United Kingdom. Once a child attains the age of six months, it becomes very difficult for them to adapt to new surroundings. It is because a child often faces violence, stress and trauma when he or she does not find an ethnic group in the host country. The United Kingdom has adapted various measures to provide shelter and basic amenities to the children refugees (Dudley et al. 2012). The country usually accepts child refugees from Syria and other zones of conflict. However, it depends on the child psychology to adapt to the conditions of the host country. No other country in Europe than Britain has taken the responsibility to take full-fledged responsibilities of the Syrian refugee s. A child can adapt to the changing environment if he or she can adjust in the new country along with the cultural roots. If there are large numbers of ethnic groups in the host country, a child feels quite comfortable to articulate their issues or problems in the host country. The families in the United Kingdom represent an essential way to help the refugees, particularly children to adapt to their new environment or new home (Hek, Hughes and Ozman 2012). References Dudley, M., Steel, Z., Mares, S. and Newman, L., 2012. Children and young people in immigration detention.Current opinion in psychiatry,25(4), pp.285-292. Hek, R., Hughes, N. and Ozman, R., 2012. Safeguarding the needs of children and young people seeking asylum in the UK: Addressing past failings and meeting future challenges.Child Abuse Review,21(5), pp.335-348.

,ms f,m ,mf s Essay

,ms f,m ,mf s Essay ,ms f,m ,mf s Essay A huge crowd took the streets of Caracas late Monday in a night-time rally against insecurity in Venezuela. People of different ages attended the event featuring opposition candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski that was held eastern Caracas. At some point during the rally, the opposition leader addressed himself to the audience and said, "This is the country we want to build; where we all can walk without any fear." Capriles said that in view that the Government does not lead to any change, then, it was time to change the administration. "Changing that reality will depend on each of you. This is a struggle for the future and life. I invite you to join me to fight united." violence The room is filled with a sweet aroma wafting from the kitchen, but the scene is bitter. Three women sit on a bench; two of them stare and listen intently at the one sitting in the middle. She points at some parts in her body, pulls up her clothes and thereby exposes some bruises and scrapes. "He hit me here, and here. He did all this to me," she sobs. She exposes one side of her torso and then the other side. She is at a turning point in her life where she can be spared another beating, maybe the last and final one. Venezuelan opposition umbrella group MUD said on Wednesday that demagogy and destruction of the country has been the results of the first 100 days of Nicols Maduro leading Venezuela. The group stated that in terms of security, "fake promises" by President Maduro

Alices Adventures In Wonderland Discussion Board Coursework

Alices Adventures In Wonderland Discussion Board Coursework Alice's Adventures In Wonderland Discussion Board – Coursework Example Entertaining, but Also Didactic: Adventures for Ages 6 to 12 in Carroll’s (1865) Alices Adventures in Wonderland September 16, Carroll’s (1865) Alices Adventures in Wonderland is an enjoyable book because it is filled with memorable characters, events, and symbolisms. It has silly characters too that seem just plain funny at first, but if analyzed closely, they might represent certain people or cultures. I think this book is written to be entertaining because of its interesting characters and events, although it has its didactic side, especially when it teaches the theme of finding one’s identity despite confusing and challenging experiences, and I believe that this book is most appropriate for those in ages 6 to 12, or in Stage 4, of Erikson’s theory on stages of development because they are also in the stage of finding their real identities. This book is written to be entertaining because of the silly characters and strange events that happened to them, but it remains didactic, if readers think about what it says about identity. It is entertaining because it is about adventure in a bizarre land where characters are unbelievably unpredictable, and yet, many are lovable and funny. For instance, the Mad Hatter seems to be one crazy nut, but he is sweet for wanting to spend time with his friends. In addition, this book has its didactic side because it is teaching young readers about finding their identities. The caterpillar asks questions about the self, like: â€Å"Who are you?† (Carroll, 1865, p. 37). This question seems to be about changing sizes for Alice, but it is also about finding out the right size that makes one happy. Finally, this book is most appropriate for those in ages 6 to 12, or in Stage 4, of Erikson’s theory on stages of development because they can relate to the story of finding the self. These are the ages when children want to know more of who they are through socialization and building social ties (McLeod, 2013). This book shows them that their friends or environment can help them find out who they are, but, in the end, they have to make that important decision on their own too. In other words, this book teaches children to find themselves and to be happy with that self when they do.ReferencesCarroll, L. (1865). Alices adventures in Wonderland. Planet ebook.com. Retrieved from planetebook.com/ebooks/Alices-Adventures-in-Wonderland.pdfMcLeod, S. (2013). Erik Erikson. Simply Psychology.org. Retrieved from simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

The Science Fiction about Robotic Mission Essay

The Science Fiction about Robotic Mission - Essay Example In particular, the sun has been studied to explore sun’s features link the black-holes that space exploration has revealed as fascinating blacks spots to which no information exists and it is believed that even information cannot escape from them (Gao, Sun & Jing, 2014). As such, a journey to the exploration of the sun and its obits also has some profound effects on the environment since the space activities pass through important or crucial transitional areas above the atmosphere including the ozone layer whose interference has the potential of jeopardising the entire environmental characteristics of the earth’s atmosphere (Lilenstern & Bornarel, 2005). Therefore, this science-fiction story explores the journey to the sun to explore black holes and as such discusses some of the effects of such events on the earth’s environment. The solar system is a collection of many stars orbited by planets, but the most prominent feature is the sun as undoubtedly the largest object within the solar system. The visible layer of the Sun is the photosphere, with the temperatures as high as 6,000 degrees Celsius (Lilenstern & Bornarel, 2005). The solar energy is created within the sun’s core where the conditions favor nuclear reaction. At the sun’s core, the nuclear reaction causes the fusion of hydrogen nuclei thus forming helium nucleus or an alpha particle.

Explain the logic behind the ideal of compassion in the Mahayana Essay

Explain the logic behind the ideal of compassion in the Mahayana perspective - Essay Example Bodhisattvas or the enlightened beings are characterized by a number of features that distinguish them from the arhants (Humboldt, n.d.). The bodhisattva path lays emphasis on karuna (compassion). The Mahayana tradition explains that arhant is a noble path as it stresses that every being should concentrated on the spiritual achievement of one’s self but in doing this one does not embrace the suffering of others. Buddha intended that Buddhism should be used as a vehicle to liberate all sentient beings from sufferings. This is possible through Mahayana which believes that compassion and compassionate love for all beings makes one help others to attain the same liberation. The basic doctrine of Mahayana centers around the tenet that eternal Buddha is present but hidden in all sentient beings and it is possible to understand this presence through the process of liberation from sufferings. Hence it focuses on the bodhisattva path and emphasizes that this liberation has to be for all beings and not for the self alone (Kaplan, 1998). To help all beings liberate from sufferings requires compassion for all beings. The goal of Mahayana is not to remain an arhant but to attain buddhahood. Thus to save all sentient beings from samsara is the basic concept on which Mahayana is based. Various definitions of compassion can be found. For instance, karuna in Pali is related to our concern for others. It is more than an attitude of mind. It is anukampa and daya. Compassion is essential for a just and a harmonious society. It is essential towards the path of wisdom; it is an action towards liberation by those who have become enlightened and by those who sincerely follow the path towards attaining it. When others suffer it makes the heart of good people tremble (kampa) and this is compassion (Jenkins, 2000). Effort to demolish others’ suffering is karuna. Mahayana emphasizes that one should postpone one’s liberation so

Introduction to Nursing Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Nursing Science - Essay Example In my view, nursing involves protection, optimization and promotion of people’s abilities and health. Professional nurse and characteristics Professional nurse refers to an individual who have undergone necessary training to become a nurse. As a challenging profession, dedication is a critical characteristic, and nurses need to be calm in order to handle multiple problems. System thinking is also paramount in order to offer the best care to all patients (Arizona State Board of Nursing, 2003). Another essential characteristic is the ability to offer patient-centered care. This is because every nurse is required to care for patients in every health care system. Last, but not the least is the ability to be religious and ethnic sensitive. Professional nurses care for people from different religions and cultures and should therefore demonstrate the ability to accommodate varied practices while adhering to professional standards. PART B How common stereotypes differ from realities o f nursing Stereotype as a cognitive framework refers to traits that are attributed to an entire group of people. According to Alford, et al. (1995), stereotypes are described as ‘pictures in our heads’. Stereotypes in nursing reflect the profession by closing the gap between its colorful image and the reality. The idea of self-sacrifice and philanthropic nature of this profession perpetuates the view that pay is irrelevant since one obtains satisfaction from caring the sick. However, similar to other professions, nurses also deserve remuneration for services rendered. Secondly, the growing number of highly qualified nurses is continually seen as a threat to doctors’ monopoly. Contrary to this belief, the nursing profession has made it clear that both doctors and nurses perform their professional work independently. Two roles that nurses have that the public might not be aware of Nurses work closely with doctors to help prevent medication errors and facilitate a r eduction of infection rates. In addition, the health care systems are presently allowing nurses to liaise with administrators to help strike the right balance by providing the best clinical care at controlled cost. More importantly, nurses are now playing a vital role by offering patients health education, a role that was previously carried out by social workers. A role model nursing theorist Florence Nightgale, the founder of modern nursing was dedicated to offering care for sick people. Nightgale’s nursing theory emphasized on the healing properties of the physical environment, that is, light, fresh air, cleanliness and warmth. This theory was based on the relationship nursing had with external influences to suppress and prevent diseases (National League for Nursing, 2010). The goal was to help patients maintain their vitality by controlling the environment. The reason behind choosing Nightgale’s theory of environment is that environment affects health, and it is one of the nurse's goal to providing adequate light, fresh air, cleanliness and warmth to enhance environment in order to facilitate the patient's reparative process. PART C The nature of nurses’ work It is not entirely right to claim that nurses follow doctors’ orders. Even though this has been the saying dating back to early history of this profession, nurses focus more on a humanized aspects of health care. Undeniably, it is true that nurses collaborate with doctors on medical management of patients, but nurses do more than only working on disease path physiology. In this respect, provision of nursing care involves offering therapeutic care, executing health care procedures and techniques among

Analysis Of Operation: Market Garden

Analysis Of Operation: Market Garden On September 17, 1944, the Allied forces commenced an enormous airborne attack code named Market Garden from southern England airfields.The operation landed over 34,600 men of which 20,011 landed by parachute, 14,589 by glider. Gliders dropped a further 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. The operation, 1st Allied Airborne Corps paratroopers, mainly consisted of the first British Airborne Division, the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions. The aim was to seize several strategic bridges over the Rhine River in the Netherlands and the 2nd British Army (led by General Dempsey), in particular, XXX Corps commanded by General Sir Brian Horrock to join the airborne units by ground. The intention was to create a by-pass or corridor to be used by the Allied armies to press forward and force the Wehrmacht out of Holland. The Allies army would then push further into Germany and attack Hitlers soldiers. For a nine-day period, the Allied forces engaged the remnants of a retreating Nazi army in and just about the towns of Eindhoven, Arnhem and Nijmegen, in Holland. The plan though backfired when Horrocks XXX Corps were not able to advance to support the airborne army and the Nazi in Arnhem decisively overpowered the paratroopers. The Allies eventually withdrew the remaining troops on September 26 after suffering about 17,000 casualties and having about 7,000 men captured. This paper analyses the Market Garden operations planning and capabilities and analyses the possible lessons that were learned and are to be learned for future military operations. Introduction Operation Market Garden, the largest airborne operation of its time  [1]  , was a joint military operation intended to end the World War II with a decisive strike in Holland and Germany. On 17 September 1944 thousands of paratroopers descended either using parachute or glider up to miles behind enemy lines. The tactical aim was to seize a succession bridges across the Meuse River and the Rhine (both the Waal and the lower Rhine) together with several canals and tributaries to enable swift movement by armored units. To Cross the Lower Rhine would enable the Allies to outflank the Siegfried Line and surround the Ruhr, Germanys industrial heart. The strategic idea was to enable the Allied forces to cross the Rhine River, the last major natural hurdle before advancing into Germany. If the operation were executed according to its plan, the Second World War II would have ended by the end of December 1944. The operation was a success in the initial stages with a good number of bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen being captured. Nonetheless, the advancement of the ground force was held up by the Wilhelmina Canal bridge demolition at Son hence delaying the seizure of the main road bridge over the Meuse seizure until 20 September. At Arnhem, the British First Airborne Division met a far stronger opposition than expected. In the subsequent combat, only a tiny force was able to hold one end of the Arnhem Bridge. After the failure by the ground force to help them, the Nazi overran them on 21 September. The reminder of the division that was ensnared west of the bridge in a small pocket had to be rescued 25 September. The Allies failed to go over the Rhine in adequate strength and the river continued being an obstacle to their advancement. This ended the operations hopes concluding the war in 1944. The operational level of the joint campaign Planning British General Montgomerys plan was to employ the use of four parachute divisions to grab hold of crucial bridges over various rivers in Holland. On achieving this, he would move armored ground forces up the road that connected the bridges. After going the Lower Rhine at Arnhem, Montgomery would then strengthen his forces and force into Germany, possibly concluding the war December. His senior, Major General Ike Eisenhower, agreed to the plan. He sought to defeat the Germans and these plans appeared to hold promise. The operation plan was for a joint attack by air and ground military forces along a constricted but extended battlefield so as to take control of strategic bridges at Son, Veghel, Grave, Nijmegen and, finally Arnhem. The assaults plan of action was made up of two operations. These were coded Market and Garden. Market, code name for parachute operations, was executed by the First Allied Airborne Army led by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton and was to seize bridges and other terrain. These airborne attackers were under Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning led I Airborne Corps tactical command. Garden operations, code name for the ground operations, were carried out on the ground by the forces of the Second Army led by XXX Corps commanded by Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks and were to move north  [2]  . Market From the six divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army, Market was to utilize four. Major General Maxwell D. Taylors, U.S. 101st Airborne Division was to drop in two locations. This was in order to seize the bridges at Son and Veghel (northwest of Eindhoven), situated north of XXX Corps. Brigadier General James M. Gavin was to lead The 82nd Airborne Division, as it dropped northeast of the first division to take control of the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen. The third division, comprising of the British First Airborne Division, commanded by Major-General Roy Urquhart and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade led by Brigadier General StanisÅ‚aw Sosabowski would drop at the far north end of the route. This division was to capture the bridge at Arnhem (road) and the one at Oosterbeek (rail). The last Market division was the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. It was to be flown to the seized Deelen Airfield on D+5. The First Allied Airborne Army had been formed on August 16 following the British requests for a harmonized command center for airborne operations. On June 20, General Eisenhower approved the idea. The Britons had wanted a British officer, and in particular Browning be chosen the commander. Browning was appointed and brought his full staff with him on the operation. Together with his staff he was to institute his field Headquarters. For the reason that majority of both the troops and the airplanes were American, a U.S. Army Air Forces officer, Brereton, was appointed by SHAEF. Though Brereton was inexperienced in airborne operations, he had broad experience in air force command and this, which gave him a practical understanding of the IX Troop Carrier Command operations. Landing over 34,600 men, Market would turn out to be the hugest airborne operation ever. Market landed 20,011 troops by parachute and a further 14,589 by glider. Gliders dropped 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. A further 3,342 tons of ammunition and extra supplies were dropped using glider and parachute  [3]  . Under its operations control, the First Allied Airborne Army had the command of the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier  [4]  , the 16 squadrons of 38 Group, a converted RAF bomber group, and 46 Group, a transport outfit  [5]  . This was in order to enable it deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent. The Market had 321 converted RAF bombers and 1,438 C-47/Dakota transports. After Normandy, the Allied glider force had been revamped so as it boasted 2,160 CG-4A Waco gliders, 64 General Aircraft Hamilcars and 916 Airspeed Horsas by September 16. Since the U.S. could only avail just 2,060 glider pilots, none of its glid ers would have a co-pilot. Instead, each would carry an additional passenger  [6]  . The C-47s were to serve as both the paratrooper transports and the glider tugs. For this reason, coupled with the fact that IX Troop Carrier Command would carry the two British parachute brigades, market could only transport 60% of the ground forces in one lift. This limit led to the decision to split the troop lift program into consecutive days. Ninety percent of the transports on day one would drop troops on parachute, with an equal percentage delivering gliders on day two. Brereton threw out the idea of having two airlifts on day one. This, though, had been achieved during Operation Dragoon  [7]  . 17 September fell on a dark moon; days following this day had the new moon set ahead of dark. Since the Allied airborne policies forbid major operations in total absence of light, this operation would have to be undertaken in daylight  [8]  . The possibility of Luftwaffe interception was calculated minute due to the cruising air supremacy of Allied fighters. Nevertheless, concerns rose about the escalating figure of flak units in the Netherlands, particularly around Arnhem. With his understanding of tactical air operations, Brereton evaluated that flak repression would be adequate to allow the troop carriers operate devoid of excessive loss. The offensive in the South of France had showed that large-scale daytime airborne operations were practicable. Day operations were judged to have the capability of enabling a greater navigational precision and time-compressed by the resulting waves of aircraft. This would triple the number of troops possibly delivered per hour. It would also cut the time required to assemble units after landing on the drop zone by two-thirds  [9]  . IX Troop Carrier Commands aircrafts were tasked with towing gliders and dropping paratroopers tasks that could not be executed simultaneously. Even though every division commander called for two drops on day one, Breretons staff only planned only one lift. This decision was based on the need to get ready for the first drop by attacking German flak positions for half a day and a forecast, which proved incorrect, that the area would be having clear weather conditions for four days, hence permitting drops during those days  [10]  . The preparations were declared complete just after one week. (Sicily and Normandy airborne drops took months to plan and prepare) Gavin, the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division commander, was skeptical of the strategy. In his diary he noted, It looks very rough. If I get through this one I will be very lucky. He criticized Browning highly claiming that he lacked the standing, influence and judgment that is obtained only from a proper troop experience. He labeled his staff superficial and claimed that the British units fumble along and their tops lack the competence, which they never get down to learn the hard way  [11]  . Garden The garden was primarily made up of XXX Corps. It was at first led by the Guards Armored Division, and the 43rd Wessex division in reserve alongside the 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division. They were projected, on the first day, to arrive at the south end of the 101st Airborne Divisions area, the 82nds by the second day and by the forth day latest to be at the 1sts. The airborne divisions were scheduled to the link with XXX Corps in the Arnhem bridgehead breakout  [12]  . To have the airborne force fight for four days unsupported was not wise. Furthermore, the Allied paratroopers did not have sufficient anti-tank weapons. Allied intelligence pointed out that the enemy had sparingly manned the front. It appeared to the allied high command that the German resistance had receded before Operation Market Garden started. The German Fifteenth Army occupying the area seemed to be running away from the Canadians. Further, they were known not to have Panzer groups. In truth, the Germans were re-arming and strengthening in the area. Two panzer divisions were furthermore placed in the Arnhem area. The high command imagined that XXX Corps would face limited opposition on their way up Highway 69 and little armor. In the contrary German units, though weaker both in manpower and equipment still had several tanks and were forces to reckon with. Seventeen days to the D Day By September 1, General Ike Eisenhower, after assuming the ground forces personal command from Montgomery, was faced with three problems. The first was the emergence of contradictory strategies on how best to attack the Nazi forces. The second problem was the overstretched Allied logistics and the broken lines of communication because of the hasty advances. The Allies were experiencing low supplies, especially the fuel whose supply was at critically low levels. Finally, Ike was faced with constant squabbling and opposition over strategy and resources that was the mark of his commanding Generals relations. Even though a general strategy for confronting the Germans had been discussed in the past by the operation leaders, the successful carrying out of Overlord had exposed a poor follow-on strategy. Victories in France had speeded up the operation; the pace of the Allied operations gave o room for the development of strategy. Montgomery presented Eisenhower with a strategy to overpower Hitler in mid August. He (Montgomery) had been mulling over how the Allies should be handled after breakout. The plan he suggested involved a single massive thrust through Belgium and Netherlands and finally terminating at the Ruhr Valley. With expansion and redeployment of supplies from Bradley and Patton, he suggested that his 21st Army Group carry out his plan. Additionally, he wanted three divisions of Eisenhowers extremely well skilled reserve paratroopers, to carpet several cities in Netherlands. The paratroopers would seize strategic bridgeheads over the Rhine forming a corridor which the British army could walk through. Once Ruhr was opened up, Montgomery reasoned, Germany would go down rapidly since the Allies would capture major German industries. General Ike did not like Montgomerys proposal of a single thrust. He favored a broad front attack similar to the one successfully used by Allied forces during the Normandy assault. Ike felt that one thrust as proposed by Montgomery would easily reveal the plans of the Allied forces. With a dual pronged approach, the Nazi would have to take a guess on where the next assault would be. The second problem for Eisenhowers, and perhaps more pressing was the logistical problem. Something had to be done about the long supply lines. The fuel shortages and insufficient transportation had to be dealt with first. The Allies were receiving supplies through the beaches of Normandy but there was a shortage of trucks to transport the necessities to the armies. The deteriorating weather was making unloading the supplies on the landing beaches almost impossible. Ike urgently required a deep-water port to move supplies to the battlefront. Additionally, as the Germans moved back they destroyed most of shipping infrastructure on the coastal harbors. The regular wrangling and competition amongst Ikes generals aggravated the situation. Other Generals profiled Montgomery as difficult. His pitch for a single thrust operation strengthened the animosity feelings. Montgomery ceaselessly complained to Ike about the quantity of supplies his soldiers received. He was constantly pressing for precedence on fuel and ammunition. After Ike assumed personal command of the ground operations in Europe, the state of affairs deteriorated. A divisive command problem arose out of this decision. Montgomery could not be appointed the Supreme Allied forces commander due to political reasons. This was despite the fact that he was a distinguished military leader with experience from not only North Africa but also in Overlord. Montgomery wanted to be appointed the ground armies commander and lobbied Ike hard for the same. Eisenhower chose to retain the duty and as such, he continually met open defiance from Montgomery and a few number of his British Generals. Montgomery imagined that he was a more qualified commander and for this together with the command and control issue, antagonistically opposed Eisenhower on almost all-tactical decisions. This explicit contempt created a lot more tension, distrust, and turmoil in the Allied camp. Up until now, a very patient Eisenhower never acted on Montgomery. It was after Market Ga rden commenced that he threatened to escalate the issue to Marshall and Churchill. Montgomerys Chief of Staff at last settled the matter before Ike escalated it hence sparing Montgomery the sack. General Eisenhower approved to the Montgomery plan on 4 September after review. This was in part an attempt to calm and tone down the belligerent Montgomery and chiefly as after realization that it was a chance for him to seize a deep-water port. The Market Garden plan was audacious and risky. It was uncharacteristic of the usually conservative Montgomery. After the approval, Ike provided General Montgomery with semi permanent fuel and ammunition supply priority. He then moved the US 1st Army commanded by General Hodges to the British southern line, until Antwerp was secured by the Allies. He wanted the remaining Nazi resistance on the ports of Antwerp and Le Havre cleared. This would give his forces the vital deep-water ports, hence considerably reducing the time of delivery for important war reserve resources to the front line forces. The sustainment essential for the next stage of the operations, that is, the march into Germany and the seizure of Berlin, had to be covered. This was dependent upon successful capture of a port with a capacity of supporting a force of over two million men. Antwerp was the only European port capable of that. Montgomery was incensed with the proposal of a double thrust, which incorporated the Saar valley. On September 4, Montgomery captured the port of Antwerp. Ike then, against the wishes of his staff, allowed Montgomery to move into Belgium without clearing the pockets of Nazi resistance in Scheldt Estuary. He was also convinced by Montgomery to permit Market Garden to go ahead as scheduled instead of delaying the operation to clear the port as was proposed by Bradley and Patton. The Operation On 17 September, in the afternoon, Operation Market Garden commenced. The American 101st airborne division parachuted on the southern end while the American 82nd Airborne dropped to the north and attacked the Waal River Bridge at Nijmegen. The British First Airborne division together with the Polish brigade attacked their target, the bridges at Arnhem, further north. After all the three airborne divisions were on the ground, the British XXX Corps embarked on their assault and drove up the road. It was estimated that the XXX Corps would take no more than 3 days to arrive at the British at Arnhem. For the previous Allied airborne operations, drop zones for the paratroopers and gliders were as a rule of thumb as close to the target as could be so to elicit maximum surprise and to allow the enemy less reaction time to recover. The American drop zones for this offensive were no different. However, the British 1st airborne drop zones were far away from the target, i.e., the crucial bridges . They wanted to circumvent taking casualties to their planes by flying over what they imagined might be anti-aircraft guns concentration in the area. The bridges were in built-up zones so gliders could of course not land. Additionally the ground to the south of the bridges was imagined by the British generals to be too soft for gliders entirely discounting the fact that the Polish paratroopers would be dropping in the very same zone later. The drop zone selections led to the landing of some paratroopers of the First Airborne on top of the Nazi 10th SS Panzer Division. After landing, divisional radio sets were found to be tuned into the wrong frequencies. This made radio communication between units impossible. A small part of the British troopers contingent took the main Arnhem highway bridge on the north end. However, intense battle barred reinforcement for this small force. On the southern end of the river, the ninth SS Panzer controlled the bridges other end. Finally, the small British army at the bridge gave way to the superior Nazi forces. The rest of the division resiliently hung on in a small pocket on the rivers north a few miles away from the bridge. The polish troopers who parachuted on the south side of the river could not provide any significant backing. They merely fought to save their lives against the now fully alerted Nazi forces. The first day was aeronautically splendid for an airdrop. As the days went on, the weather conditions deteriorated. The second wave was unable to drop for a further four more days. To the south, the first gains of the 82nd and 101st divisions Grave and Nijmegen seized bridges with minimal losses. The American 82nd Airborne took the Nijmegen Bridge the execution of an audacious river crossing in collapsible boats to assault and seize the bridge from the back. However, the XXX Corps joined them after number of days had passed. The highway connecting the bridges up to Arnhem steadily under counter attack by the Nazi forces and this caused many delays. Sections of this highway, to make matters worse, resembled an island on a dike and had with no maneuvering room. A single shot that took out the lead tank in a column could lead a delay going on for hours. Adequate infantry was not allocated to escort the tanks that were in the leading columns. It was taken that the American paratroopers w ould take up this task. However, the Americans had their own worries of keeping the corridor free of the Nazi attacks. This compromised the progress of XXX Corps after they crossed the Nijmegen Bridge and came to deal with the island road. More infantry was required; however, it was just not obtainable. As a result, XXX Corps assault stalled. The British First Airborne, on their part, just a few miles away across the river, was being chewed to bits. In time, the British First Airborne had to be withdrawn and evacuated from their front on the Lower Rhine through an audacious night rescue operation. The intention to oust the Nazi and perhaps end the Second World War by charismas had gone up in smoke. After nine days of fierce battle, the Allies withdrew. Incapable of rescuing their captured personnel, a large number of casualties and prisoners had to be forsaken. The Final Analysis The outcome rendered the Market Garden a nonviable operation. The objective was attainable but the strategy was full of flaws. For starters, the idea ended up to be hard one. The planners imagined that seizing the bridges would be as easy the seizure of the French bridges. Montgomery and the Allies, however, misjudged the incredible tenacity of Hitler and his Nazi army. Intelligence reports that Hitler soldiers along the Alhert Canal in Belgium, the Siegfried Line and in Arnhem had re-armed were received but disregarded by Montgomery. Additionally, Eisenhower was informed about the Nazi fortification; however, he did not personally challenge the plan on the bases of the intelligence reports. Alternatively, he opted to send Bedell Smith to Montgomery. Montgomery laughed of the idea of the aim was difficult simply for the reason that there were reports of Nazi tank potency at Arnhem. He would hear nothing about revising Market Garden  [13]  . Montgomery did not realize that there w as a terrain and topography variation between the lower Rhine and France. This meant the fact that a similar operation succeeded in France did not imply it would succeed in Holland. Roads were usually constricted and constructed on top of dikes. Road sections that were not raised flooded regularly slowing movements due to the clay mud. Additionally, the swampy, muddy land made maneuvering of the heavy gear hard. Ignoring his staffs counsel and Dempseys apprehension for a well-timed meeting with the paratroopers, Montgomery stubbornly pushed forward. Had intelligence report been paid attention to, the operation may perhaps have been discontinued or at least deferred. The narrow corridor did not afford Dempsey much room for maneuver and restricted his flexibility and ability to pull a surprise. In addition, the strategy was devoid of any air component except fighter escort and gliders transports. Modest coalition coordination was exercised in the preparation for operation Market Garden. Montgomery simply passed on the plan to his men for implementation. When Major General Maxwell Taylor voiced his oppositions to the landing zone for his men, Montgomery replied that was too late for the plan to be changed. Major Gen Roy Urquhart met the same lack of cooperation  [14]  . The strategy employed presumed that enough petroleum and ammunition would be available to carry out the plan. Montgomery was interested more in Bradley and Pattons fuel instead of taking the time to drive out the Nazi from the Scheldt Estuary. Seizing Scheldt wo uld have opened up Antwerp to supplies for the Allied. Further, Bradley and Pattons to the south could have diverted the Nazi manpower and resources and that would support Ikes extensive front approach. Not only was the strategy flawed, the resources were inadequate too. First, it was tactically naÃÆ' ¯ve and logistically erroneous to move through Antwerp without weakening pockets of Nazi resistance. The Nazi fight back proved heavy more so in the Scheldt Estuary, the key North Sea access. This barrier was not removed until November 1944. The failure to do so deprived the Allies of the badly required deep-water port. This reduced logistics lines and it was a blow to any more operations in Germanys interior. The inability to get rid of resistance also hindered Dempseys movement since he had to reroute combat troops to guard his flank. The airdrop was logistically hindered by having inadequate aircraft (transport and glider) to make a single jump as Montgomerys plan called for. The First Airborne even lacked sufficient radios for communication within themselves. When the second wave finally arrived, it was ill equipped to deal with the Panzer SS toughened threat. Bad weather caused the second wave delay foiling their plans of landing on D-Day. Though the weather conditions were fine for the first drop, it caused resupply and reinforcements delays for the Arnhem troops. The Germans took advantage of the poor weather exploiting the time to reinforce their manpower and other resources to respond to the Allies. As such, the aspect of Market Garden considered being the operation strength, the crack paratroopers, ended up limiting the Allied success severely. Montgomerys casual outlook toward the opposition meant the failure of the most effective tool available to the Operation. It is incomprehensible why Montgomery chos e to pay no attention to his brilliant and experienced men. He casually dismissed justifiable issues raised by experienced infantry and airborne officers. Major General Stanislaw Sosabowski articulated his fears to Montgomery that the plan to land his troops at Arnhem was catastrophic and that higher-ranking officers were culpable of reckless overconfidence  [15]  . Officers could do nothing to change his position and only sat in quiet frustration and follow orders. The only officer reputed to be capable of swaying Montgomery, Major General Freddie De Guingand, was outside Europe. It is important to point out that even though Montgomery was seen to be arrogant, it might have been with a good reason. He had been commanding ground forces during triumphant North African operation and Operation Overlord. To be fair to Montgomery, the Allies as a group exhibited this same overconfidence. They had been calmed into this joint cockiness and arrogance due to the swiftness with which their conquest came. The excitement of the operation led men to calm down extremely. Exhaustion and loss of focus started creeping on the mission. As evidenced by the consequent preparation and logistical shortfalls of the operation, the intelligence was misleading and gave the impression that the Nazi were severely weakened. With no sense of pressure, acute fatigue, and the consequent loss of focus, situations came up where troops moved with insufficient resources. The impetus and thrilling buoyancy by the Allied victories changed the force from what would have been a success, into an exag gerated and unfocused bunch thereby sustaining major and avoidable losses of gear and personnel. The strategy demanded the army to grab the initiative and hit speedily and surprise the worn out and inadequately prepared Nazi. Hitler, in hindsight, had correctly expected that Montgomery would head north to the Zuider Zee. He countered by placing Field Marshall Walter Model, his strongest general, in that front. Model at once lined up troops and started efforts to re-arm for the expected battle. He coordinated strategic barricading of highways and canals, and took the advantage of the weather and the Allies lack of the capacity to resupply and reinforce. He not only was able to hold the Arnhem Bridge, but also the city. His vigor and organizational brilliance were the reason the Nazi was able to hold off Market Garden. To sum up this misadventure, the timing required to scheme a speedy thrust was uncoordinated due to the unanticipated fight back by committed Nazi soldiers; the failure to drop the second batch of paratroopers owing to bad weather; the utter disregard with which intelligence reports were met with; and the poor communication. A combination of these factors created the worst Allied defeats of the time. Lessons from the defeat Operation Market Garden, without a doubt the biggest paratroop drop of its time, was also one of the most terrible operational failures. What strategy, or lack of it, could have resulted to such an unbelievable failure for the Allies? What lessons learned can apply to the contemporary and future military operations? Some timeless lessons are evident from the operations analysis: The first lesson applies at the strategic level. That it is necessary for military planners to stay focused on the political causes of a war. They must by no means lose sight of the political motivation of the primary conflict. The states political will and national interests will always play a major role in the coalition strategy development. For the reason that the US contributed the greater part of machinery, manpower, and finances to the Allied war effort, Eisenhowers appointment ahead of Montgomery as the ultimate Allied Commander was logical. He was always sensitive to political and higher-ranking milit

Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Essay -- Nicotine Cigarettes Tobacco

The History of Tobacco In 3000 B.C the Ancient Egyptians burnt sweet herbs and frankincense when sacrificing to their gods. This was the beginning of smoking. Then in the beginning of the Christian era smoke was inhaled through the burning fur of a hare, the diagnoses for epilepsy was the inhalation of smoke from a goat's horn and for consumption, smoke inhaled through a reed of dried dung of an ox. Somewhere in the United States was believed to be the birthplace of tobacco, a plant of the genus Nicotiana. How and when it was discovered is unknown (Huron Indian myth has it that in ancient times, when the land was barren and the people were starving, the Great Spirit sent forth a woman to save humanity. As she travelled over the world, everywhere her right hand touched the soil, there grew potatoes. And everywhere her left hand touched the soil, there grew corn. And when the world was rich and fertile, she sat down and rested. When she arose, there grew tobacco). What is certain is that tobacco smoking was practised among the early Mayas, probably in the district of Tabasco, Mexico, as part of their religious ceremonies. The Mayans had no paper to wrap their tobacco in so they wrapped it in palm leaves or cornhusks, and stuffed it into reeds or bamboo. On the other hand they also smoked rolled tobacco leaves as crude cigars. Indians further north made pipes, some with a bowl and mouthpiece, others shaped like a Y, and placed the forked ends into their nostrils. They also blended their tobacco with other herbs and plants to vary the flavour. In South America, the Aztecs smoked and took snuff. Elsewhere in the American continent, tobacco was chewed, eaten, drunk as an in... ...f cigarettes a day. If you want to find out how much an average smoker pays for cigarettes per annum you do this: ÂÂ £4.33 (a packet of cigarettes) ÂÂ ´ 7 (days per week) = ÂÂ £ 30.31 (amount paid for cigarettes a week) ÂÂ £ 30.31 (amount paid for cigarettes a week) ÂÂ ´ 52 (weeks per year) = ÂÂ £1576.12 (amount paid for cigarettes a year) So an average smoker pays approximately ÂÂ £1576.12 a year, so if you take up smoking you are more than likely to spend more than ÂÂ £1500 a year in cigarettes. In the U.K the price of a pack of 20 premium brand cigarettes currently costs ÂÂ £4.33, of which ÂÂ £3.45 (80%) is tax. Thus out of the ÂÂ £1576.12 spent a year by a smoker 80% is taken by the Government, which is ÂÂ £1260.90. This is the main reason why the Government doesn?t ban smoking, because they are making ÂÂ £1260.90 per smoker per year in the U.K.

Globalization of Enterprise

2012 Nigel. S. Paltoo – A11904 10/9/2012 Globalization of Enterprise 715 GE Source:Flikr. com ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET(to be completed by the student)| AIB student ID number:| A11904| | | Student name:| NIGEL. S. PALTOO| | | Course name:| MBA -GENERIC| | | Subject name:| Globalization of Enterprise 715-GE| | | Subject facilitator:| Dr. Brian O'Toole| | | Teaching Centre:| NATIONS UNIVERSITY-GUYANA| | | No. of pages:| 17| | | Word count:| 2708 from Intro to Conclusion (2500 +10% tolerance) | | |DECLARATION| I, the above named student, confirm that by submitting, or causing the attached assignment to be submitted, to AIB, I have not plagiarised any other person’s work in this assignment and except where appropriately acknowledged, this assignment is my own work, has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for assessment. | ASSESSMENT SHEET(to be completed by the examiner)| Student name:| NIGEL. S. PALTOO| | | Course name:| MBA -GENERIC| | |Subj ect name:| Globalization of Enterprise 715-GE| | | Assessor/marker:| | | | COMMENTS| Principles learnt (for example, number and understanding of principles referred to, their influence on the structure of this paper, number and correct citations of  references, use of appropriate jargon)     | | /4| | | Application of principles. That is, the  analysis and evaluation of the example problem based on the principles, including the final recommendations and their justification| | | /8| | |How well the example problem was described, including the extent and depth of information (including the data) about it that was accessed| | | /4| | | Structure and presentation| | | /2| | | Style, grammar   and language| | | /2| | | Total | | Less penalties| | GRAND TOTAL| /20| General comments| | | | FOR MODERATOR’S USE ONLY| I agree with the assessor’s assessment I disagree with the assessor’s assessment and the new mark is as follows for the following reasons: | /20| | Moderator:| |NATIONS UNIVERSITY–GUYANA ®AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS-MBA  ®GLOBALIZATION OF ENTERPRISE-715 GEASSIGNMENT Comparing and contrasting two countries for international expansion into by local apparel company Denmor Garment Manufacturers. | Assignment: You are the manager of a business (in your country or region) that is thinking of going global. Compare and contrast two different overseas markets for the international expansion of your business, covering a consideration of: 1 †¢ Political economy issues †¢ Cultural issues 3 †¢ Entry strategy 4 †¢ Strategic alliances Start your assignment with a very brief description of the entrepreneurial business that you are writing about. This business can be your own business or one that you are familiar with, or it can be a hypothetical one based on an amalgam of several businesses of which you are aware. Conclude the assignment with whether the business should go to one or the other of the two c ountries, or none, or both. The total number of words should be 2500 words.For penalties regarding exceeding the word limit, please refer to AIB Style Guide. For guidance on how to write an assignment, please refer to AIB Assignment Guide. Please note, the word count does not include your cover page, an abstract, table of contents, list of references or appendices. Thus you can place any supporting material that exceeds this word limit into appendices. However, a reader should not have to look at an appendix to know about the main thrust of the points you are making in your assignment.So make sure all your main points are in the body of your report and refer there to the appendices that will support the points you are making in the body of your report, because the reader may not look at the appendices otherwise. Abstract: In the last quarter of the 20th century to present day the world economy has become more integrated and interdependent than ever before, with businesses both large and small expanding beyond their traditional local markets as barriers to world trade came down and technology advanced resulting in significantly lower communication and transportation costs.This phenomenal change in the international environment in which business is conducted has resulted in increased levels of foreign direct investment by companies from developed countries in lesser developed economies such as the Third World as economic benefits were sought through the globalization of production as well as markets. (Hill 2011, p. 5)With the benefits being widely seen to outweigh the disadvantages smaller companies are looking for the arrangements internationally that would best serve their interests of growth and expansion with companies from lesser developed countries now also looking to capitalize as well by creating synergies at the basic level by expanding their market horizons overseas, penetrating first and expanding as demand and relationships develop. This shift in the world economy towards greater integration and interdependence is one way of describing Globalization (Hill 2011, p. ). Globalization can be seen as the increase of functional integration between internationally dispersed economic activities, which is quite recent, as opposed to the older phenomenon of â€Å"Internationalization† which refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across borders and oceans which started in the 17th century when the colonial powers started dividing up continents in the New World in search of raw materials and markets (Devaraja 2011).In Guyana, the more established companies have been seeking avenues to expand their markets overseas through exports and by establishing lower level strategic alliances. Hardly any local company has sought to globalize its production to increase its profitability. For any company looking to embark on international venture the interdependent political, economic and legal systems of the target country along with its underlying cultural fabric must be examined and analyzed in detail before any investment is made (Hill 2011, p. 45).In Guyana, a small English speaking, third world country in South America, the more established manufacturing companies have been seeking avenues to expand their markets first through exports and also by establishing lower level strategic alliances overseas. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM) is one such SME within the apparel industry in Guyana that has benefited from the effects of Globalization by having contracts to manufacture specific designs from companies owning major brand names in the USA (which are looking to lower their production costs) as well as by exporting directly to major retailers overseas.Table of Contents| Page. | 1. 0 Introduction| 9| 2. 0 Denmor Garment Manufacturers| 9| 3. 0 Current Situation with DGM| 10| 3. 0 The challenge of international expansion| 11| 4. 0 Political and Economy Issues| 12| 5. 0 Cultural Issues| 15| 6. 0 Entry Stra tegies| 16| 7. 0 Conclusion| 17| Bibliography| 18| 1. 0 Introduction: The aim of this research is to analyze the potential of two countries short listed as possible candidates for the further international expansion of DGM.These two options are reviewed in the perspective of the main issues that have to be taken into account when considering business expansion into foreign markets viz Political economy issues, Cultural issues, Entry strategy and Strategic alliances with the state of affairs in both countries being compared and contrasted with a decision being arrived at as to whether to expand into one, both or none of the two countries. It would be impossible to look at all aspects of the Socio-Economic, Cultural and Political landscape of the countries being considered therefore only the reas most likely to have an impact on DGMs' venture are considered in the context of the nature of its business and the products on offer. Denmor Garment Manufacturers (DGM): Location: 7, 8, 9 Col digen Industrial Estate, East Coast Demerara, Guyana. DGM is a private company in Guyana which commenced operations in 1997 and currently employs 1000 persons of which 97 % are women. Denmor has the capacity to respond to orders of up to 50,000 dozens of garments per month, and can produce up to 15 different styles at the same time.Approximately 75 percent of Denmor’s activities involve full production (where the manufacturer manages all aspects except design), demonstrating an ability to carry out value-added manufacturing activities and supply-chain management. 100 percent of its products are exported, with its customers including some of the world’s leading brands and department stores, including Russell Athletic, Victoria’s Secret, Paris Accessories, Van Heusen, JC Penny and Wal-Mart. (Goinvest n. d) 2. 0 Current Situation with DGM:As it is DGM is presently a small part of a buyer driven value chain environment where the large retailers, marketers and brand name manufacturers have established a diverse decentralized network of production in third world and developing countries and are leveraging at the design and retail stages (Devaraja 2011). Having had a fair degree of success from its operations and acquired considerable know-how from its alliances DGM is looking to expand its market base and production capacity but is constrained locally by the limited supply of labour for any new factory and weak local demand for beach wear and sport uniforms.The key processes of DGM's operation are very labour intensive involving the cutting of fabric and making of components by sewing machine and assembling into final product, this requires a semi-skilled to skilled level of labour. The challenge facing DGM is to remain a competitive player and to be able to increase profitability either by getting a bigger bite of the value chain from the companies overseas (expanding more into full production),developing its own brands or by securing new large brand name manufacturer customers and orders.It is therefore important that DGM look to increase its factory capacity while at the same time keeping costs down thereby increasing attractiveness to buyers. Faced with a limited labour supply and a high cost of energy and sometimes erratic power supply for sewing machines and air-conditioned factories it has become critical that DGM seriously consider the alternative of moving overseas. After much consideration DGM's management has concluded that the area with greatest growth potential would be to expand using its own designs and brands.DGM has acquired significant expertise in the production of high end female underwear and in athletic uniforms from producing Victoria's Secret products and Russell Athletic brand uniforms for the US NBA and is confident that it can tap into the supply chain for fabrics and using its own design team produce a new line of female underwear, beachwear and generic soccer uniforms that would have a higher q uality and a far cheaper price, however in Guyana it is constrained by weak local demand and labour supply. . 0 The challenge of international expansion: Like any other firm contemplating international trade is faced with three strategic decisions about which countries to enter, when to enter and at what scale the entry would be. Consideration would have to be given to potential opportunities as well as areas of risk which must be closely analysed (Hill 2011).The countries selected for consideration would first be compared and contrasted with their distinct political, economic and cultural realities being looked at then options relating to possible entry strategy (ies) will considered along with strategic alliances that may be advantageous or required The two countries being considered for expansion into are Brazil and Trinidad. Before these two countries would have been brought up for further consideration they would have been on a longer list of potential candidates he rest of whi ch would have been eliminated with Brazil and Trinidad meeting the basic criteria of having a significantly larger population than Guyana, they are both developing countries (better off economically than Guyana), with a free market system in place, manageable national debt and single digit inflation rates and both countries are geographically close by. A decision has been made that once the two options are found to be acceptable then entry into that market will be made within six months. Map of South America and Southern Caribbean Islands showing Brazil, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago. Source: www. worldatlas. comPolitical economy issues: Brazil and Trinidad are both democracies, having had free and fair elections for the past two decades. Both countries currently have female presidents. Brazil is a Federal republic consisting of twenty-six states the smallest of which is far larger than Trinidad which is a twin island republic with a sister island Tobago. Both countries can be consid ered politically stable with the most recent incidence of serious turmoil being twenty two years ago when Trinidad had a failed coup with members of the Jamaat al Muslimeem trying to seize power. Individualism is respected in both countries but more so in Trinidad.Indicator| Brazil| Trinidad| Size | 3,287,357 square miles| 1,980 square miles | Population| 197 million (2011 est. )| 1. 3 million (2011 est. )| | | | Government| Federative Republic| Democratic Republic| Legal System| Brazil is a former colony of Portugal. The Brazilian legal system is based on Civil Law. | Former British colony. The legal and judicial system is based on English common law and practice. | ECONOMIC| Brazil| Trinidad| GDP| GDP USD $2. 45 trillion Brazil is the sixth largest economy in the world. | USD $ 24. 63 billion| GDP per Capita| USD $4,803| USD $16,699|GNI per Capita| USD $11,500| USD $24,940| Exchange rate| BRL 1. 00= GYD $100. 00| TT $1. 00 = GYD $30. 00| Inflation | 5. 24 %| 5. 4%| Reserves| US$ 3 49. 708 billion| US$ 9. 692 billion| Debt as a % of GDP| 65. 1%| 37. 3%| Unemployment| 6%| 5. 5%| Source: Communicaid and Central Intelligence Agency World Fact book and www. tradingeconomics. com The data presented indicates that both Brazil and Trinidad are about as politically stable as Guyana with both countries being economically better off. However in Brazil there is a greater divide between rich and poor and a higher level of crime relative to Guyana and Trinidad.Both Brazil and Trinidad are currently experiencing low levels of inflation and unemployment Brazil unlike Trinidad has a tax on financial transactions; Brazil is far more bureaucratic when it comes to starting a business taking up to six months to get all the paperwork done whereas in Trinidad it is considerably easier and should only take one to two months. In Brazil getting certain legal permissions for establishing a business expedited may require the payment of bribes. There are no limits to repatriation of regi stered capital and no taxes on profits repatriated from both countries.DGM would have to consider the higher level of bureaucracy in Brazil when it comes to getting things started (which creates opportunities for bribes to be extorted) as compared to Trinidad. A business class visa is required for investing and doing business in Brazil with a minimum level of investment being USD $50,000 being required. A Guyanese can transact and conduct business in Trinidad without a visa; however a work permit would be required. In Brazil it may be necessary to hire a middleman (despachante) to navigate the maze of bureaucracy. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012).On the key issue of protection of property rights both Brazil and Trinidad have legal provisions for the protection of real assets and intellectual property rights, both countries having signed international agreements, however, the judiciary in Brazil is inefficient and subject to political as well as economic influence with pi racy of copyright material being fairly widespread. Brazil presents a higher degree of risk due to lower levels of property rights protection. Trinidad unlike Brazil is a member of CARICOM just like Guyana which allows free trade among members. There is a free trade zone in Manaus in Brazil.Taxation in Brazil is extremely complex and not as uniform as in Trinidad. Cost of labour in both Trinidad and Brazil is higher than in Guyana but is more available. Cost of energy is cheaper in both countries relative to Guyana. (CIA World fact book 2012, Communicaid 2012). Politically and economically there are fewer challenges for DGM to expand to Trinidad as compared to Brazil, however with inflation levels and unemployment levels being almost equal and exchange rates being stable there is still a degree of attractiveness to expand to Brazil if ways around the red tape can be achieved.CULTURAL ISSUES: Cultural differences can present a variety of problems when looking to conduct business in f oreign markets; from language barriers, employee behaviour and work ethic to strategic planning, it is therefore essential that entrepreneurs familiarise themselves with more than just the laws governing a society and obtain an understanding of the underlying values,norms and mores so as to be able to discern what is different and what is the same, what is acceptable and what maybe considered taboo or disrespectful. (Hill 2011)Trinidad is an English speaking Caribbean country with a diverse multi ethnic society that has fused relatively well into a distinct â€Å"Trini† culture with a mix of East Indian, African, European and American influences, religion is mainly Christian, Hinduism and Islam. Carnival is celebrated annually with Soca and Calypso music, elaborate costumes and floats, parades and beach parties over a one week period. Trinidad like Brazil is very nationalistic and proud of their country and its national symbols and flag colours. Trinidad is also a soccer craz y nation but not to the extreme as Brazil.There is a strong American influence in the way business is conducted in Trinidad which is very much alike with the way meetings and other business dealings are conducted in Guyana; however it is somewhat different in Brazil. Brazil is Portuguese speaking with a far larger population who are predominantly Roman Catholic, however just like Trinidad there is an annual Carnival and a strong soccer and beach culture since Brazil has some of the most attractive beaches on South America's Eastern Atlantic coastline and year round sunny weather.There are more cultural issues to be considered by DGM in looking to expand to Brazil than Trinidad (CIA World fact book 2012, US Commercial Service-US Department of Commerce 2012). Brazilians do not like to discuss business during lunch whereas that would be ok in Trinidad, coffee drinking is a ritual in Brazil whereas having a semi formal meeting over beers or whiskey is normal in Trinidad. There are a few hand signals acceptable in Guyana and Trinidad like the â€Å"OK† that would be considered insulting in Brazil (Communicaid Group Ltd 2012).It would therefore be a bit more challenging from a cultural perspective for DGM to do business in Brazil as compared to Trinidad. Both countries have a well developed tourism industry with visitors from the US and Europe looking for differentiated products with unique designs, fabrics and colour. Although both countries presently have female presidents, males dominate business as such initial business meetings should be male led, but with DGM trading in the female apparel industry including a female during negotiations would be wise.Entry Strategy: Having made a decision to expand to another country the management would need to consider all the risks and decide on the timing, mode and scale of entry to be adopted (Hill, 2011). In entering a foreign market there are six modes of entry that a firm can consider each with advantages and dis advantages ranging from Exporting, Turnkey contracts,Licensing,Joint Ventures to Wholly Owned Subsidiary. (Hill 2011,p. 32) Brazil presents a more challenging environment both politically, economically and culturally but DGM should not rule out expansion into the Brazilian marketplace since the sheer size of its population and proximity to Guyana offers immense potential, however, at this time DGM should look at exporting finished products by finding a wholesale distributor with a wide network of resellers to export beachwear to and also seek to market team uniforms directly to soccer teams especially in the lower divisions and have a local representative do meetings and collect sizes and measurements etc. ith delivery being done through this intermediary but with payments being remitted by bank transfers directly to DGM. By going the export route to Brazil import tariffs would be an additional cost as opposed to having a factory in the Manaus free trade zone, as such DGM should gau ge the acceptance of its offerings and then look to develop strategic alliances at the manufacturing level later on if market conditions indicate the potential for higher profitability. DGM should be prudent in its business arrangements and look to secure transactions using letters of credit until levels of trust are established.In Trinidad DGM should look to develop a joint venture with a suitable partner who has excess warehousing space suitable for establishing a garment factory thereby reducing the level of capital investment required, register its brands in Trinidad, establish a small scale factory and produce both beachwear and soccer and other sport uniforms in Trinidad and market both to the local Trinidad market and export to the distributors in Brazil and further afield. Strategic alliances would also be needed to market products across Trinidad as such a partner with appropriate channels already in place would be useful at the entry phase.A strategic alliance with a busin ess in an unrelated industry that has excess building space would be preferred to one that is in the same industry with spare labour and machine capacity due to the risk of having that partner appropriating designs and customers. Timing of these two ventures is important, however with the slow pace at which negotiations and business dealings flow in Brazil it may be prudent to start interim talks with potential distributors at the same time as getting the joint venture arrangement and factory setup in Trinidad.Products would be differentiated in both markets according to designs and colors, more revealing beachwear is acceptable in Brazil and labeling would have to be in Portuguese as such a multi-domestic approach would be necessary with products being made specifically for each of the two markets with a slight overlap. This strategy should not be too costly given that the slight differences between products do not require different skills and machines and the designs for the Brazi lian market would require less material but have the same selling price.Conclusion: The beach and athletic wear segment of the apparel market is already established in both countries, as such there is no first mover advantage to be gained, however DGM is confident that it can secure a niche by supplying an overall better quality product (stitchwork,design,fabric) at a far lower price. Brazil which has the largest potential market has relatively more political economy and cultural barriers which increase the levels of risk and possibility for failure so DGM should be cautious when expanding into this market.Trinidad on the other hand has much more political economy and cultural similarities with Guyana and this would allow for easier entry, allowing DGM to be more aggressive, which could end up solving the production capacity problems for DGM to meet the anticipated new demand when the export channels into Brazil open up which would in turn satisfy the present need for a wider market base. If both of these expansions come to fruition DGM can expect growth in demand and profitability over the long term with economic benefits accruing to each of the three countries. Bibliography:CIA World fact book, Trinidad 2012, viewed 1 October 2012, < https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/td. html > CIA World fact book, Brazil 2012, viewed 1 October 2012, Communicaid Group Ltd. 2012, Doing Business in Brazil- Brazilian Social and Business Culture UK, London, viewed 30 September 2012 < http://www. communicaid. com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20Brazil. pdf>. Devaraja, Dr. T. S 2011, Indian Textile and Garment Industry-An Overview, University of Mysore, viewed 30 September 2012 < http://sibresearch. rg/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/working_paper_-_dr_devaraja. pdf > Goinvest 2012, Denmor Garment Manufacturers: Competing in the Global Garment Industry, viewed 29 September 2012 < http://www. goinvest. gov. gy/manufactur ing. html > Hill, CWL 2010, Global Business Today, 7th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston US Commercial Service-US Department of Commerce 2012, Doing Business In Trinidad and Tobago: A Country Commercial Guide for U. S. Companies, viewed 1 October 2012, < http://trinidad. usembassy. gov/uploads/images/bLR3mH7MwdrEvCke0jB6Tw/CCG2006. pdf > End of Assignment.

Inspirational New Years Quotes

Inspirational New Years Quotes Many choose New Years as the time to turn over a new leaf. Smokers vow to kick the foul habit. Some decide to change to a new and improved lifestyle. Habitual spendthrifts decide to mend their ways. And most people who enjoy eating unhealthy food  latch on to the latest dieting fad. New Years symbolizes the birth of hope and the renewal of life. Below are New Years quotes from famous people- and others not quite so famous- that are inspirational enough to help you find your calling. Youll find many of the quotes to be uplifting, with a few tongue-in-cheek thoughts included in the mix. Making a New Start If you are supercharged about making a glorious new beginning this New Years Eve or New Years Day, its a good time to consider creating your New Years resolutions. Pick your favorite peeve and resolve to get rid of the bad stuff. Give up whining and take charge of your life. Thats what the folks in this section recommend through their pithy sayings. Jay Leno: New Years Eve, where auld acquaintance be forgot. Unless, of course, those tests come back positive. Hal Borland: Years end is neither an end nor a beginning but a going on, with all the wisdom that experience can instill in us. Edward Payson Powell: The Old Year has gone. Let the dead past bury its own dead. The New Year has taken possession of the clock of time. All hail the duties and possibilities of the coming 12months! Ringing in the New Year Each new year is like a rebirth, a chance to begin again, or as Oprah Winfrey said, a chance to get it right. Read these quotes and let yourself be inspired to be let go of the old and, essentially, start fresh, and begin a new life. George William Curtis: The new year begins in a snow-storm of white vows. Hartley Coleridge: The merry year is born like the bright berry from the naked thorn. Oprah Winfrey: Cheers to a New Year and another chance for us to get it right. John Burroughs: One resolution I have made, and try always to keep, is this: To rise above the little things. Looking Ahead As the new year begins, dont just look backward: Look ahead. Imagine what your life will be like 20 years from now, as the famous writer Mark Twain said. The choices you make in the new year may affect and direct the course of your life for years, or decades, to come. Mark Twain: Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. G. K. Chesterton: The object of a New Year is not that we should have a new year. It is that we should have a new soul. Benjamin Franklin: Be always at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let each new year find you a better man. Edith Lovejoy Pierce: We will open the book. Its pages are blank. We are going to put words on them ourselves. The book is called opportunity and its first chapter is New Years Day. Ellen Goodman: We spend January 1 walking through our lives, room by room, drawing up a list of work to be done, cracks to be patched. Maybe this year, to balance the list, we ought to walk through the rooms of our lives...not looking for flaws, but for potential.

Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Example

Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Example Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Essay Gradual changes of an innate knowledge base vs. radical shifts Human beings are complex to research on and understand in their entirety. Children derive much of their knowledge from the input of others. Conceptual change entails the varying nature of relationships and concepts in the life of an individual. It put into perspective the aspects associated with getting information, associating with others and how ones adjust in each stage in life. From an analytical perspective, it makes more sense to comprehend conceptual change through gradual changes of an innate knowledge base rather than radical shifts. From their study on several spontaneous-response activities among infants, Onishi, Scott, and Baillargeon (2010) explain that when infant are two years old, they are able to subject false views regarding identity, location and false viewpoints. This ability is robust and can be demonstrated with various belief-inducing situations, with human and non-human agents and different spontaneous-response tasks. Additionally, infants can recognize that agents can hold false beliefs on the location of objects because of the misleading contextual or perceptual cues that cause an agent to inaccurately infer its likely location.; : Subsequently, understanding advanced, scientific concepts in various disciplines requires students to not only rely on simple memorization of facts but learn how to restructure their intuitive, naive theories based on their lay culture and everyday experience. They should undergo profound conceptual change, which is not achievable in the absence of systematic instructions, with both constructivist and sociocultural factors. There has been a dispute between empiricism and rationalism, which concerns the extent that people are dependent upon sense experience in their effort to gain knowledge. Rationalists argues that there are momentous ways that people gain concepts and knowledge independently from the sense experience (Onishi, ; Baillargeon, 2005). On the other hand, empiricists argue that sense experience is a definitive source of all the concepts and knowledge that are possessed by people. From their study on whether infants who are fifteen months old can attest to false beliefs, Onishi and Baillargeon (2005) explains that infants have the ability to appeal to their mental conditions such that they are able to explain the behavior of others. Contemporary psychology is undergoing rapid and far-reaching changes. The conceptual change approach in learning and development is a constructivist approach that relies on various fundamental assumptions, as the way knowledge is acquired in domain-specific theory. Coaching is an effective way of transformational change for the individuals and organizations. Engaging a coach offers a pathway for accelerated professional and personal development. Adopting a coaching mindset approach usually has a profound effect on the productivity and working culture of an organization. Rationalists commonly develop their view in the following ways; firstly, they may argue that in some cases, the content peoples knowledge or of our concepts outstrips the information that can be provided by sense experience. Secondly, they hypothesize accounts of how additional information about the world can be retrieved. Conversely, empiricists provide complementary lines of thought. Firstly, they show how experience provides information that is cited by rationalists, as it is in the first place (Croft, ; Cruse, 2004). Croft and Cruse (2004) provide an analysis of language being controlled by cognitive principles and hence putting into perspective the issue of sense and knowledge.;At times, empiricists opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism. Secondly, empiricists oppose rationalists reasoning that reason is a source of knowledge or concepts. In conclusion, there is a divide in educational research, with the cognitive theorists focusing on inter-mental, individual, cognitive mechanisms instead of inter-mental, social mechanisms. From a personal perspective, instructions are intended to guide children move from their actual knowledge, up to their potential knowledge that refers to the knowledge that students and teachers co-construct in learning. The distance from the actual knowledge up to the potential knowledge is referred to as the zone of proximal development. The disagreement between empiricists and rationalists about the source of individuals ideas leads to their content and subsequently the content of peoples descriptions and knowledge of the world. Also, from a personal perspective, like philosophical debates, empiricist and the rationalist debate ultimately concerns peoples position and views in the world, hence, in this case, people are rational inquirers. Works cited Baillargeon, R., Scott, R. M., He, Z. (2010). False-belief understanding in infants. Trends in cognitive sciences, 14(3), 110-118 Croft, W. A. Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Onishi, K. H. Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-ild infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255-258 Vosniadou, Stella, Xenia Vamvakoussi, and Irini Skopeliti. The framework theory approach to the problem of conceptual change.International handbook of research on conceptual change(2008): 3-34.

Performing critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performing critique - Assignment Example It is common sense to conserve the environment, but this brings about the involvement of other resources from the political structures, independent bodies, and the entire cultural community. The utilization of other dimensions of environmental sustainability is the responsibility of every government. This article critiques the underlying reasons as to why Prime Minister Abbott’s administration decided to scrap out major environmental programs, funds and bodies to reassure of the entire world of Australia’s commitment to conserve the environment. The paper critique indicates that the social advocacies in the country and environmentalists are creating a new parallel government, the â€Å"Government of the Environment† against the administrative government in Australia. This blog qualifies as a critique as it underpins the normal aspects through new perspectives, all addressing environmentalism. On a global point of view, all governments all have departments or ministries of Environment, but are they there per se, to satisfy all entities of a democratic government or are they functional? Human existence is surrounded by the physical environment but threatened by the human environment. The existence of the world in indebted to the incredible resources and ambience provided by the physical environment, but this receipt has attracted a harsh idiosyncratic gratitude from the entire human population. Destroyed it, showing our grateful side to free resources. Since the first civilizations, the environment was an important ent ity that defined the social civilizations. It helped first peoples identify their activities and characteristics. 2 A new ideology then emerged on the conservation of the environment, developing the philosophical aspects of environmentalism. Popular sayings and practices of planting two trees after cutting one and overall conservation of the environment have since then lead on into the 21st century. Towards the